These articles, resources, webpages, and more may be helpful to teachers and administrators concerned with strengthening liberal education. They reflect the views of the authors, not those of the Teagle Foundation. Unless otherwise noted, annotation is by the Foundation staff, especially Tara Thomas (SEO intern, Summer 2005).

• Liberal Education


• Outcomes and Assessment


• Cognition, Brain Development, and Pedagogy


• Communities of Practice and Learning Organizations


• Religious Work


• College-Community Connections


• Podcasts


• Additional resources can be found on the President's Essays, Listenings, and Virtual Listenings pages of the website.

• Benoliel, Peter A. "Liberal Education: Preparing Tomorrow's Business Executives." In Higher Education, Human Resources, and the National Economy: Addresses and Discussion Papers from the Sixtieth Annual Meeting, 117-123. Washington: Association of American Colleges, 1974. Permission granted by Association of American Colleges and Universities.
  
  Argues that a liberal education is the optimal vehicle for a business administration career.
  


• Brint, Steven, Mark Riddle, Lori Turk-Bicakci, and Charles S. Levy. "From the Liberal to the Practical Arts in American Colleges and Universities: Organizational Analysis and Curricular Change." The Journal of Higher Education 76, no. 2 (March-April 2005): 150-180.
  


• Burke, Timothy. "Easily Distracted: Culture, Politics, Academia, and other Shiny Objects." http://weblogs.swarthmore.edu/burke/.
  


• Calhoun, Craig. "Is the University in Crisis?" New York: Social Science Research Council, 2006. http://www.ssrc.org/programs/calhoun/publications/IstheUniversityinCrisis.pdf.
  


• Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts. "Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts at Wabash College Website." http://www.liberalarts.wabash.edu/.
  

The Center of Inquiry seeks to improve the effectiveness of liberal arts education and ensure that its nature and value are widely understood.


• Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts. "LiberalArtsOnline." http://liberalarts.wabash.edu/liberalartsonline.
  

LiberalArtsOnline is a monthly web publication that provides an online forum to promote inquiry and reflection on liberal arts education.


• The Education Trust. "College Results Online." http://www.collegeresults.org/.
  


• Elmore, Donald E., Julia C. Prentice, and Carol Trosset. "Do Students Understand Liberal Arts Disciplines?" Liberal Education 92, no. 1 (Winter 2006): 48-55.
  


• Kaufman, Roger T. and Geoffrey Woglom. "Financial Changes and Measures of Success Among the Second Tier of Top Liberal Arts Colleges." Report prepared for the Teagle Foundation, Department of Economics, Smith College, and Department of Economics, Amherst College, March 2005. http://www.amherst.edu/~grwoglom/
  Financial%20Changes%20Second%20Tier%20Mar%202005.doc/.
  
  A study examining the financial situations of liberal arts colleges and their success as measured by graduation rates and doctorates awarded to their students.
  


• Kaufman, Roger T. and Geoffrey Woglom. "Financial Changes and Optimal Spending Rates Among Top Liberal Arts Colleges, 1996-2001." Review of Higher Education 28, no. 3 (Spring 2005): 339-368. (Available online at http://www.amherst.edu/~grwoglom/LibArts12.doc/.)
  
  A picture of the financial resources and endowment spending rates among fifty leading liberal arts colleges.
  


• Koblick, Steven and Stephen R. Graubard, eds. Distinctively American: The Residential Liberal Arts Colleges. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000.
  


• NERCHE. "New England Resource Center for Higher Education." http://www.nerche.org/index.html.
  


• Oakley, Francis. Community of Learning: The American College and the Liberal Arts Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  


• Marcy, Mary "Democracy, Leadership, and the Role of Liberal Education." Liberal Education (Winter 2002), 6-11.
  


• Sherman, Thomas M., L.P. Armistead, Forest Fowler, M.A. Barksdale, Glenn Reif. "The Quest for Excellence in University Teaching." The Journal of Higher Education 58, no. 1 (January-February 1987): 66-84.
  


• Wallace, Andrew G. "Educating Tomorrow's Doctors: The Thing That Really Matters is That We Care."Academic Medicine 72, no. 4 (1997): 253-258. Permission granted by Academic Medicine (www.academicmedicine.com).
  
  Heralds liberal education for the broad perspective it provides that, Wallace argues, is essential for doctors and other professionals, and for issues of professionalism that it helps to foster.
  


• Walvoord, Barbara. Assessment Clear and Simple: A Practical Guide for Institutions, Departments, and General Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004.
  


• Walvoord, Barbara, Virginia Johnson Anderson, and Thomas A. Angelo. Effective Grading: A Tool for Learning and Assessment. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998.
  


• Wick, Michael and Andrew T. Phillips. "A Liberal Education Scorecard." Liberal Education 94, no. 1 (Winter 2008): 22-29. (Available online at http://www.aacu.org/liberaleducation/le-wi08/le-wi08_Scorecard.cfm.)
  

Outcomes and Assessment

• Angelo, Thomas A. "Doing Assessment as if Learning Matters Most." AAHE Bulletin, May 1999. (Available online at http://education.gsu.edu/ctl/outcomes
  /Doing%20Assessment%20As%20If%20Learning%20Matters%20Most.htm/.)
  


• Association of American Colleges and Universities. Our Students' Best Work: A Framework for Accountability Worthy of Our Mission. Washington, DC: AAC&U, 2004. http://www.aacu-edu.org/publications/pdfs/StudentsBestReport.pdf/.
  


• Association of American Colleges and Universities and Council for Higher Education Accreditation. New Leadership for Student Learning and Accountability: A Statement of Principles, Commitments to Action. Washington, DC: AAC&U and CHEA, 2008. http://www.teaglefoundation.org/learning/pdf/20080130_newleadership.pdf.
  


• Banta, Trudy. "Can Assessment for Accountability Complement Assessment for Improvement?" Peer Review 9, no. 2 (2007): 9-12. (Available online at http://www.aacu.org/peerreview/pr-sp07/pr-sp07_analysis2.cfm.)
  


• Benjamin, Robert and Marc Chun. "A New Field of Dreams: The Collegiate Learning Assessment Project." Peer Review 5, no. 4 (2003): 26-29. http://www.aacu.org/peerreview/pr-su03/pr-su03feature2.cfm/.
  


• Borden, Victor M.H. and Jody L. Zak Owens. Measuring Quality: Choosing Among Surveys and Other Assessments of College Quality. Tallahassee, FL: Association for Institutional Research / Washington, DC: American Council on Education, 2001. http://airweb.org/images/measurequality.pdf/.
  


• Brooks, Rachelle L. "Measuring University Quality." The Review of Higher Education 29, no. 1 (2005): 1-21.
  


• Carey, Kevin. "Is Our Students Learning?" Washington Monthly, September 2006. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.carey.html.
  


• Chickering, Arthur W. and Zelda F. Gamson. "Seven Principles for Good Practice in Undergraduate Education." AAHE Bulletin, 1987. (Available online at http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/ teachtip/7princip.htm/.)
  


• The Council of Independent Colleges. Evidence of Learning: Applying the Collegiate Learning Assessment to Improve Teaching and Learning in the Liberal Arts College Experience. Washington, DC: CIC, 2008. http://www.cic.edu/publications/books_reports/CLAreport.pdf.
  


• Chun, Marc. "Looking Where the Light is Better: A Review of the Literature on Assessing Higher Education Quality." Peer Review 4, no. 2-3 (2002): 16-25. http://www.aacu.org/peerreview/pr-sp02/pr-sp02feature3.cfm/.
  


• Ekman, Richard. "Fear of Data: A warning to CIC members to make peace with data-or suffer the consequences." University Business (September 2004). http://www.universitybusiness.com/page.cfm?p=540/.
  


• Engelmann, Donna. "Assessment From the Ground Up." Inside Higher Ed, August 14, 2007. http://www.insidehighered.com/views/2007/08/14/engelmann.
  


• Ewell, Peter. "An Emerging Scholarship: A Brief History of Assessment." In Building a Scholarship of Assessment, edited by Trudy W. Banta and Associates, 3-25. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  


• Ewell, Peter. General Education and the Assessment Reform Agenda. Washington, DC: AAC&U, 2004.
  


• Ewell, Peter. "Perpetual Movement: Assessment After Twenty Years." Working paper, National Center for Higher Education Management Systems, Boulder, 2002.
  


• Ewell, Peter. "To Capture the Ineffable: New Forms of Assessment in Higher Education." Review of Research in Education 17 . Washington, D.C.: American Educational Research Association, 1991. 75-126.
  


• Ferguson, Michael. Advancing Liberal Education: Assessment Practices on Campus. Washington, DC: AAC&U, 2005.
  


• Gawande, Atul. "The Bell Curve." The New Yorker. (December 6, 2004). (Available online at http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/12/06/041206fa_fact.
  


• Graff, Gerald. "Assessment Changes Everything." Inside Higher Ed, February 21, 2008. http://www.insidehighered.com/views/2008/02/21/graff.
  


• Hamilton College. "Scoring rubric: The Mellon Project Assessment of Student Writing." Clinton, NY: Hamilton College.
  


• The Hechinger Institute on Education and the Media. Beyond the Rankings: Measuring Learning in Higher Education. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 2006. http://www.teaglefoundation.org/learning/pdf/2006_hechinger.pdf.
  


• Hersh, Richard. "Assessment and Accountability: Unveiling Value Added Assessment in Higher Education." Presentation, AAHE National Assessment Conference, Denver, CO, June 15, 2004.
  


• Hersh, Richard. "Collegiate Learning Assessment: Defining Critical Thinking, Analytical Reasoning, Problem Solving and Writing Skills."
  


• Hersh, Richard. "Generating Ideals and Transforming Lives: A Contemporary Case for the Residential Liberal Arts College." Daedalus 128, no. 1 (1999): 173-194. (Available online at http://www.collegenews.org/prebuilt/daedalus/hersh_article.pdf/.)
  


• Hersh, Richard. "Going Naked." Peer Review 9, no. 2 (2007): 4-8. (Available online at http://www.aacu.org/peerreview/pr-sp07/pr-sp07_analysis1.cfm.)
  


• Hersh, Richard. "Teaching to a Test Worth Teaching to in College and High School."
  


• Hersh, Richard. "What Does College Teach?" The Atlantic Monthly 296, no. 4 (November 2005): 140-143. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200511/measuring-college-quality.
  
  A good introduction to the assessment question in American higher education.
  


• Kuh, George. "What We're Learning about Student Engagement from NSSE: Benchmarks for effective educational practices." Change 35, no. 2 (March-April 2003): 24-32. (Available online at http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/ mi_m1254/is_2_35/ai_98248470/.)
  


• Miller, Ross. Assessment in Cycles of Improvement. Washington, DC: AAC&U, 2007.
  


• The Secretary of Education's National Commission on the Future of Higher Education. "A Test of Leadership: Charting the Future of U.S. Higher Education." Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, 2006. http://www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/hiedfuture/index.html.
  


• Pace, C. Robert and Mark Connolly. "Where are the Liberal Arts?" Research in Higher Education 41, no. 1 (2000): 53-65.
  


• Pace University. "A Blueprint for Campus Accountability: Lessons from the Pace University Experience." New York, NY: Pace University, 2006. http://appserv.pace.edu/emplibrary/Blueprint.pdf
  


• Pascarella, Ernest T., Ty M. Cruce, Gregory C. Wolniak, and Charles Blaich. "Do Liberal Arts Colleges Really Foster Good Practices in Undergraduate Education? Journal of College Student Development 45, no. 1 (2004): 67-84. (Available online at http://www.liberalarts.wabash.edu/cila/home.cfm?news_id=1383/.)
  


• Schneider, Carol Geary and Ross Miller. Liberal Education Outcomes: A Preliminary Report on Student Achievement in College. Washington, DC: AAC&U, 2005. (Available online at http://www.aacu.org/advocacy/pdfs/LEAP_Report_FINAL.pdf.)
  


• Shavelson, Richard J. "Assessing Student Learning Responsibly." Changes 39, no. 1 (2007): 26-33.
  


• Shavelson, Richard J. and Leta Huang. "Responding Responsibly: To the Frenzy to Assess Learning in Higher Education." Change 35, no. 1 (2003): 10-20.
  


• Shulman, Lee. "Counting and Recounting." Changes 39, no. 1 (2007): 20-25. Available online at http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/change/sub.asp?key=98&subkey=2169.
  


• Shulman, Lee. "Principles for the Uses of Assessment in Policy and Practice." President's report to the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Stanford, CA, 2006.
  


• Sotherland, Paul, Anne Dueweke, Kiran Cunningham, and Bob Grossman. "Multiple Drafts of a College's Narrative." Peer Review 9, no. 2 (2007): 20-23. (Available online at http://www.aacu.org/peerreview/pr-sp07/pr-sp07_practice.cfm.)
  


• -----. "Kalamazoo College Adjusted CLA (mean +/- std error) / 2005 First-Year Students / 2006 and 2007 Senior Students." Teagle Foundation, 2007.
  


• Thompson, Robert J. and Matt Serra. "Use of Course Evaluations to Assess the Contributions of Curricular and Pedagogical Initiatives to Undergraduate General Education Learning Objectives." Education 125, no. 4 (2005): 693-703.
  


• Wiggins, Grant. "The Truth May Make You Free, but the Test May Keep You Imprisoned: Toward Assessment Worthy of the Liberal Arts." In Assessment and Program Evaluation: An Ashe Reader, edited by Joan S. Stark and Alice Thomas, 545-556. Needham Heights, MA: Simon Schuster Custom Publishing. (Available online at http://www.maa.org/saum/articles/wiggins_appendix.html/.)
  


• Zhao, Chun-Mei. and George D. Kuh. "Adding Value: Learning Communities and Student Engagement." Research in Higher Education 45, no. 2 (2004): 115-138. (Available online at http://www.iub.edu/~nsse/pdf/research_papers/ Zhao_Kuh_Learning_Communities.pdf/.)
  

Cognition, Brain Development, and Pedagogy

• Jeffery, Jill. "Cognition and Brain Development in Students of Traditional College-Going Age: An Annotated Bibliography." Prepared for the Teagle Foundation, 2007.
  


• Varma, Sashank, Bruce D. McCandliss, and Daniel L. Schwartz. "Scientific and Pragmatic Challenges for Bridging Education and Neuroscience." Educational Researcher 37, no. 3 (2008): 140-152.
  

Communities of Practice and Learning Organizations

• Hasanali, Farida, et al. Communities of Practice: A Guide For Your Journey to Knowledge Management Best Practices. Houston: American Productivity and Quality Center, 2002.
  


• Jeffery, Jill. "Institutions of Higher Learning and Learning Organizations: An Annotated Bibliography." Prepared for the Teagle Foundation, 2008.
  


• Manville, Brook. "A Primer on 'Communities of Practice'." January 2, 2006.
  


• Varma, Sashank, Bruce D. McCandliss and Daniel L. Schwartz. "Scientific and Pragmatic Challenges for Bridging Education and Neuroscience." Educational Researcher 37, no. 3 (2008): 140-152.
  


• Wenger, Etienne and William Snyder. "Communities of Practice: The Organizational Frontier." Harvard Business Review, (January-February 2000): 139-145. Excerpt.
  

Religious Work

• Carpenter, Joel. "The Evangelical Student Today." Presentation prepared for the Teagle Foundation, 2005.
  


• Connor, W. Robert. "Draft Bbibliography on 'Religious Work' and Liberal Education." Prepared for the Teagle Foundation, 2005.
  


• Hartley, Harold V. "Big Questions Bibliography." Prepared in response to W. Robert Connor, "Big Questions." November 17, 2005.
  


• Kuh, George D. and Robert M. Gonyea. "Exploring the Relationships Between Spirituality, Liberal Learning, and College Student Engagement." Report prepared for the Teagle Foundation, Center for Postsecondary Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, 2005.
  


• Kuh, George D. and Robert M. Gonyea. "Spirituality, Liberal Learning, and College Student Engagement." Liberal Education 92, no. 1 (Winter 2006): 40-47.
  


• Mooney, Margarita. "Religion at America's Most Selective Colleges: Some Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen." Paper Presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Sociology of Religion (ASR), Philadelphia, PA, August 14, 2005.
  


• Social Science Research Council. "The Immanent Frame." http://www.ssrc.org/blogs/immanent_frame.
  


• Speers, Sam and W. Robert Connor. "How adequate is secularism as a basis for liberal education?" Email exchange, November 19, 2005.
  

College-Community Connections

• Adelman, Clifford. Do We Really Have a College Access Problem?" Change 39, no. 4 (2007). http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/change/sub.asp?key=98&subkey=2385.
  


• Datnow, Amanda and Robert Cooper. "Peer Networks of African American Students in Independent Schools: Affirming Academic Success and Racial Identity." The Journal of Negro Education 66, no. 1 (1997): 56-72.
  
  Looks at African American Peer Groups within elite independent schools as well as outside school. Concludes that such peer groups are more complex than previous research indicates.
  


• The Education Resources Institute. "Pathways to College Network." http://www.pathwaystocollege.net/.
  


• Gándara, Patricia and Deborah Bial. Paving the Way to Postsecondary Education: K-12 Intervention Programs for Underrepresented Youth. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, 2001.
  
  Identifies the challenges, effective program practices, limitations, evaluation, and potential connections with school reform efforts of programs targeting at-risk youth.
  


• Holzer, Harry and David Neumark. "Assessing Affirmative Action." Journal of Economic Literature 38, no. 3 (2000): 483-568.
  
  Examines affirmative action on the basis of efficiency rather than redistribution.
  


• Lee, Sam. The Perfect Life. DVD. Directed by Sam Lee. Brooklyn, NY: Perfect Life Pictures, 2006.
  
  A documentary that traces the life of five Harlem teenagers from the time they were eight-years old to now. More information can be found at http://www.theperfectlife.net/home.html.
  


• LinkEd. "LinkEd: Bringing the Education Movement Together." http://www.linkeducation.org/index.htm.
  

An online network bringing together education organizations that strive for educational equality.


• McDonough, Patricia M. The School-to-College Transition: Challenges and Prospects. Washington, DC: American Council on Education, 2004.
  
  Highlights the some of the flaws within K-12 accountability systems as well as the role that college outreach and intervention programs can play in leading to getting more students to college.
  


• O'Connor, Carla. "Dispositions Towards Collective Struggle and Educational Resilience in the Inner City: A Case Analysis of Six African-American High School Students." American Educational Research Journal 34, no. 4 (1997): 593-629.
  
  Looks at how the knowledge of struggle affects academic success and can contribute to a sense of human agency and facilitated academic motivation.
  


• Oakes, Jeannie and Gretchen Guiton. "Matchmaking: The Dynamics of High School Tracking Decisions." American Educational Research Journal 32, no. 1 (1995): 3-33.
  
  Examines three comprehensive schools and points to a structural, cultural, and individualistic explanation for tracking in secondary schools.
  


• Social Science Research Council. "Transitions to College: From Theory to Practice." http://edtransitions.ssrc.org/home.aspx/.
  


• Stringfield, Sam 1997. "Research on Effective Instruction for At-Risk Students: Implications for the St. Louis Public Schools." The Journal of Negro Education 66, no. 3 (1997): 258-288.
  
  Examines why minority students do not attain the same level of academic achievement, and in the process, discusses academic programs and organizational structures that aid in closing the gap.
  


• Thacker, Lloyd, ed. College Unranked: Affirming Educational Values in College Admission. N.p.: The Education Conservancy, 2004.
  
  A compilation of short essays on the present state of current admissions processes from admissions directors at colleges and universities across the United States.
  

Podcasts

• Allen, Danielle. Living in the Movies and Learning in College. Recorded at Northwestern University's Teagle Forum on "Classical Antiquity and American Popular Culture," March 3, 2006.
  


• Bok, Derek and Nicholas Kristof. Remarks on Student Learning and Undergraduate College Education. Recorded at the Teagle Foundation's Seminar in Liberal Education, New York, February 13, 2006.
  


• Connor, W. Robert. At the Crossroads: The Prospect for Improving Student Learning.
  


• Connor, W. Robert. Asking the Big Questions.
  


• Connor, W. Robert. From Foxes to Hedgehogs: Taking Liberal Education to the Next Level—Valuing our Values. Recorded at the annual meeting of the Association of College Academic Deans, Washington DC, January 27, 2006.
  


• Connor, W. Robert. Getting There.
  


• Connor, W. Robert. Teaching Classics to Sam Alito. Recorded as part of the Dorothy H. Magee Colloquium Series at Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, April 6, 2006.
  


• Connor, W. Robert, Craig Calhoun, and Jonathan VanAntwerpen. Interview with Craig Calhoun and Jonathan VanAntwerpen. Recorded at the Teagle Foundation, New York, NY, April 3, 2007.
  


• Connor, W. Robert and Andrew Delbanco. Interview with Andrew Delbanco. Recorded at the Teagle Foundation, New York, NY, April 18, 2007.
  


• Connor, W. Robert and Charles Blaich. Interview with Charles Blaich. Recorded at the Teagle Foundation, New York, NY, July 25, 2007.
  


• Connor, W. Robert and Leslie Dunn. Interview with Leslie Dunn. Recorded at the Teagle Foundation, New York, NY, May 2, 2007.
  


• Connor, W. Robert and David Harris. Interview with David Harris. Recorded at the Teagle Foundation, New York, NY, November 16, 2006.
  


• Connor, W. Robert and Catharine Bond Hill. Interview with Catharine Bond Hill. Recorded at the Teagle Foundation, New York, NY, May 8, 2007.
  


• Connor, W. Robert and Doug Lederman. Interview with Doug Lederman. Recorded at the Teagle Foundation, New York, NY, March 28, 2007.
  


• Connor, W. Robert and Judith Eaton. Interview with Judith Eaton. Recorded at the Teagle Foundation, New York, NY, May 3, 2007.
  


• Connor, W. Robert and George Kuh. Interview with George Kuh. Recorded at the Teagle Foundation, New York, NY, July 25, 2007.
  


• Connor, W. Robert and Paul Sotherland. Interview with Paul Sotherland. Recorded at the Teagle Foundation, New York, NY, February 7, 2007.
  


• Connor, W. Robert and Steven Tepper. Interview with Steven Tepper. Recorded at the Teagle Foundation, New York, NY, May 25, 2007.
  


• Heiland, Donna. The College-Community Connections Experience.
  


• Heiland, Donna and Sheila Nelson. Interview with Sheila Nelson. Recorded at the Teagle Foundation, New York, NY, June 12, 2008.
  


• Hersh, Richard. Going Naked. Recorded at Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana, September 6, 2007.
  


• Mendelsohn, Daniel. Teagle Forum Talk or Forget Gladiator, We Should be Talking about Survivor. Recorded at Northwestern University's Teagle Forum on "Classical Antiquity and American Popular Culture," March 3, 2006.
  


• Ormand, Kirk. Comment on Allen and Mendelsohn. Recorded at Northwestern University's Teagle Forum on "Classical Antiquity and American Popular Culture," March 3, 2006.